In the next two chapters, we use quantum mechanics to explain atomic and molecular structure, respectively. These concepts and principles are completely general they can be applied to explain the behavior of any system of interest. Different kinds of energy level patterns arise from different potential energy functions, for example the hydrogen atom (See Section 5.1) and the harmonic oscil-lator (See Section 20.3). Finally, for large values of n, the probability distribution looks much more classical, in accordance with the correspondence principle. Normalization ensures that the probability of nding the particle at some position in the box, summed over all possible positions, adds up to 1. The most probable location for the particle-in-a-box model in its ground state is the center of the box, rather than uniformly over the box as predicted by classical mechanics. The probability density distribution is different from that for the analogous classical system. The energy-level structure depends on the nature of the potential, E n n 2, for the particle in a one-dimensional box, so the separation between energy levels increases as n increases. Particle-in-a-box models illustrate a number of important features of quantum mechanics. Zero-point energy is a consequence of the Heisenberg indeterminacy relation all particles bound in potential wells have nite energy even at the absolute zero of temperature. For example, the probability of locating the particle at a particular location is the square of the amplitude of its wave function. Once we accept that particles can behave as waves, we can form analogies with classical electromagnetic wave theory to describe the motion of particles. Wave–particle duality accounts for the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics and for indeterminacy. Because the energy level spacing is inversely proportional to the mass and to the square of the length of the box, quantum effects become too small to be observed for systems that contain more than a few hundred atoms.
The one-dimensional particle-in-a-box model shows why quantiza-tion only becomes apparent on the atomic scale. Energy quantization arises for all systems whose motions are connned by a potential well. Nonetheless, we have accepted their validity because they provide the most comprehensive account of the behavior of matter and radiation and because the agreement between theory and the results of all experiments conducted to date has been impressively accurate. These ideas appear foreign to us because they are inconsistent with our experience of the macroscopic world. The key new concepts developed in quantum mechanics include the quantiza-tion of energy, a probabilistic description of particle motion, wave–particle duality, and indeterminacy. This was undoubtedly one of the most signiicant shifts in the history of science. Aenean accumsan risus tempor tincidunt luctus.183 philosophical implications of quantum mechanics and develop a new way of thinking about nature on the nanometer-length scale. Quisque id elit ac purus vestibulum auctor. Proin sed dui vitae nisi vehicula imperdiet eu a lorem. Fusce lacinia tincidunt urna sit amet vehicula. Phasellus facilisis, lorem et fringilla varius, mi felis rutrum diam, quis ultricies mauris nisl nec nisl. Maecenas interdum ante nec libero pellentesque, sit amet commodo nisl auctor. Suspendisse semper mauris pretium, suscipit sapien nec, hendrerit justo. Ut sit amet enim eu lacus egestas tristique eleifend sit amet lectus. Etiam id porttitor arcu, ut eleifend nisi. Quisque viverra arcu nibh, at facilisis tortor ornare non. Phasellus malesuada, ipsum ac varius euismod, purus nulla volutpat nunc, eu fermentum odio justo porttitor libero. Fusce ut lectus lobortis, viverra sem nec, rhoncus justo.
JAMES STEWART CALCULUS 8TH EDITION MANUAL
CalculusStudent Solutions Manual for Stewarts Multivariable Calculus, Concepts.
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